Think Progress

Kagan: ‘The only way’ to ‘force’ Iran to halt its nuclear program is an ‘attack.’

Appearing on MSNBC this afternoon, Iraq surge architect Fred Kagan criticized direct talks with Iran and made his case for attacking Iran, claiming it is the only means to “force” the country to halt its nuclear program:

Well, there’s nothing we can do short of an attack to force Iran to give up its nuclear program. … At the end of the day, the only way that you can make for sure that [a nuclear arm's race] doesn’t happen is with an attack. There are a variety of things you can do short of an attack and hope that they will work, but hope is not a method here.

Watch it:



80 Responses to “Kagan: ‘The only way’ to ‘force’ Iran to halt its nuclear program is an ‘attack.’”

  1. Wayne A. Schneider says:

    Why was the “Iraq War Architect” appearing on MSNBC in the first place? What could he possibly have to say that was worth listening to?


  2. Zooey says:

    If you think that, you f ucking chickenhawk, you better be front and center when the first shot is fired.


  3. 5th Estate says:

    This man is a very dangerous cretin.


  4. dbadass says:

    On second thought Kagan, don’t bring the dory home. We’ve got others


  5. nofltwlt says:

    Kagan’s daughter is attractive but she is the same idiot as her dad.

    My question is, is there a member of the GOP/neocons that has the ability to think outside the box?


  6. vat694848 says:

    Pig, and warmonger, he’s a dangerous man.


  7. SWBob says:

    Yes, attacking countries that haven’t attacked us has been working out so well for us, no reason to even consider any alternative.


  8. Winski says:

    Once again, this fat ass comes out of his mud hole to 1) get a whole cheesecake to shore up his fat face, 2) spread more made-up lies feed to him DIRECTLY from Cheeeney’s office, 3) Buy another cheesecake to shore up his fat ass, and 4) find his way back to his mud hole…

    Useless sloth…


  9. backup says:

    Well, there’s nothing we can do short of an attack to force Iran to give up its nuclear program. … At the end of the day, the only way that you can make for sure that [a nuclear arm’s race] doesn’t happen is with an attack.

    This is just wrong. The Iranians may want nuclear weapons. It may be wishful thinking that we can just talk to the Iranians and they will reasonably give up a program that want to pursue. But, to say that there is nothing that you can do short of an attack, it myopic.

    If the McCain camp really believes this, it should openly advocate for an immediate attack on Iran. Seeing as that is the ‘only way’.


  10. WaltB says:

    Winski, you’ve uncovered the reasons he’s become public, but what’s the ulterior motive here – guess it’s to stir up the neocons and make Israel thing they’ve got a free ride no matter what they do. We’re heading for Armageddon for certain – and that’ll make Hagee & company very happy.


  11. representativepress says:

    It is horrible that men like this are given a platform to push for committing for a war crime. The media is totally out of control. I am trying to get critical facts out to the public yet I am not listed, see details in this video: Is this happening to any other YouTube partner? Solidarity!
    SEE VIDEO and pass it on. Show your solidarity with Representative Press:
    Is this happening to any other YouTube partner? Solidarity!


  12. Hussein McCain says:

    He dreams of being a real bigshot in the Empire, another Henry Kissinger. Change the dream, Freddy, change the dream.


  13. misshusseinmolly says:

    And what, exactly, does this nutcase think that an attack will do? Does he think that as soon as we begin bombing, they’ll say, “ooo, they must be angry with us — we must abandon our nuclear power program right away!”???

    Bombing others usually tends to make them even more resolute in their hatred for you. And more determined than ever to acquire weapons that may prove useful. As in, “We abandoned our nuclear weapons program in 2003 because Saddam was no longer a threat, and focused on solely on developing nuclear power for our energy needs, but now we should probably revisit the nuclear weapons idea…”

    But then, those in favor of permanent war probably LIKE that idea.


  14. had enough says:

    These greedy corporatist PNAC-ers desperately look for any uncovered rock to bomb Iran. They know they have a complicit media also invested in the MIC.
    Are we going to hear on a daily basis from these mass murderers reasons they think we should bomb, bomb, bomb Iran?


  15. had enough says:

    Are these greedy PNAC-ers in a hurry to bring on more war, all the war they can find as they know their time is almost up?


  16. RUCerious says:

    Bob Englund could take lessons from this Freddie. KILL, KILL, KILL > as long, of course, as someone else’s kids are dying for PNAC, AIPAC and company.


  17. CitiDC says:

    I give no credence to a man with over three chins.


  18. tom says:

    Kagan: “…hope is not a method here”

    Judging from the results, “methods” aren’t a real strong suit for GDumbya and his neocon handlers either. All we can do is “hope” that they don’t screw up more stuff like Iran before we kick them all to the curb next January.


  19. upside99 says:

    Paranoia is NOT a family (or national) value!!!


  20. Above the Clouds says:

    As we approach November, desperate people like Kagan will be scrambling for TV time in the hopes of being seen as relevant. Unfortunately for him and others of his stripe, America is tired of war and surges and death.



  21. gummitch says:

    NPR had an Israeli historian on this afternoon, who has published something claiming that Israel will attack Iran in the next 5-7 months, which of course coincides with the Bush reign of terror. I was amazed at how the interviewer kept pressing the historian, even suggesting that recent history with Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Korea would ensure that Iran’s desire for nuclear weapons was, in fact, a rational choice, but the historian persisted in repeated over and over that, no, they were just a bunch of crazy religious fanatics and that there was no parallel to China or Russia having nuclear weapons while exhibiting restraint. Conceding that Iran might have rational reasons for wanting nuclear weapons completely blew his “history” out of the water.

    This will be the consistent lie told by the Israelis and by our “government”: “the Iranians are batsh!t crazy and cannot be trusted. We have to blow their sh!t up or we’re all gonna die.”


  22. stateofthedivision says:

    Return of the neo-con architects to the airwaves? It means an attack is not too far away. They’re out en masse pushing war as the answer.

    Richard Perle
    John Bolton
    Fred Kagan
    Bill Kristol

    The religious right is clearly on board:
    Pastor Hagee
    Rev. Robertson

    In place to make it happen:
    Dick Cheney, VP
    Paul Wolfowitz, State Department
    Gen. David Petraeus, CentCom
    Adm. Mullen, Chair Joint Chiefs

    Loyalists On Bush’s Intelligence Oversight Board:
    Frances Townsend
    Peter Pace


  23. Oval12345678 aka James K. Sayre says:

    Exactly why would it be so terrible if Iran could defend themselves against Zionist aggression and/or US imperialism?


  24. Jim says:

    Fred Kagan, like all other neoconservatives, equates incessant saber-rattling with being “serious” on matters of national security. From their point of view, McCain’s repeated “joking” about killing Iranian people is a manifestation of his “seriousness.”

    It should go without saying that Fred Kagan and his ilk are not to be taken seriously on matters of national security. They are consistently wrong on the facts, and their saber-rattling is both dangerous and counterproductive.


  25. gummitch says:

    Potters Gin Says:

    Gee, I don’t know, perhaps we should ask the Messiah.

    It’s only wingnuts that worship the Leader, Gin. Intelligent people recognize that there are differences of opinion. Something for you to think about while you’re busy lapping up Cheney’s dribble.


  26. had enough says:

    Oval12345678 aka James K. Sayre Says:

    Exactly why would it be so terrible if Iran could defend themselves against Zionist aggression and/or US imperialism?

    It would be only fair. But with this fascist media brainwashing the public with lies and terror – instigating another phonied up so called war, you can only follow the money. This last ditch mass murdering effort before Obama gets in is all too obvious. We will be in worse economic distress, with Russia more of a threat but the greedy will have more riches.


  27. Cal Malenky says:

    Strap him to a bomb Slim Pickens-style. Then he can demonstrate the courage of his convictions.


  28. Cal Malenky says:

    And how much will the neocons’ friends make on the inevitable run-up of oil to $200+ per barrel after the attacks?


  29. KingCranky says:

    That’s some change to believe in all right, when Obama is spewing the same BS blather as the neocons about Iran.

    Something the blithering neocons never answer is why there won’t be immediate, and overwhelming, blowback from Iran if the US is stupid enough to attack

    How would the US be able to stop Iran and it’s sympathizers in Iraq from going after the under-rested, under-armored, over-stretched US troops after an attack on Iran?

    More importantly, why would Russia and China just allow such an attack with no pushback either, especially as China looks at Iran as a major source of oil for its economy?


  30. RantingTommy says:

    Fear sells, and cowardly Republican sissies are buying.

    “Take my rights! I’m scared to death!” – Typical Right Wing Coward


  31. Brain From Planet Arous says:

    Tanqueray Says:

    Gee, I don’t know, perhaps we should ask the Messiah.

    World must stop Iran from getting nuclear weapon, says Barack Obama

    But…but…but…Obombya is the lesser of two evils, agent of change, Progressive, Democrat, Friend of Israel, Ripper of 4th Amendment, Escalator of War in Afghanistan, Born Again Christian, Bomber of Iran, Chevron/Archer Daniel Midland Ethanol Pimp, and Telecom Agent.

    Two choices in November.

    Fast, Hard, and Dry or Slow and Greased.

    Either way, it hurts, but if we are being smiled at, there is an illusion of happiness.


  32. shaun says:

    now look,freddy and the rest of his mates are going about this ass-backwards – obviously having learnt NOTHING from the last 5 1/2 years,there is a way of getting in there minus the bombs and the blood – why not say to the iranians,”hey!! mr ahmajin….amejane….hey dude!!! – the usa can help you build your nukular plant to make electricity”!! – then negotiate to send in westinghouse electric to build it,or if it is already built then ‘modify’ it to of course make it more efficient and ensuring that there are no weapons being sneakily made by employing nuclear physicists (also covert and very sneaky) as q.a. inspectors – after a while halliburton can slide in to cook up some grits and pancakes for the q.a. guys while kbr can help wire up the reactor to iran’s national grid hopefully without electrocuting anyone – see fred,everyone wins and nobody gets hurt!! (just make sure there are rubber mats in the showers).


  33. katy says:

    and what does kagan, et al, have to GAIN from an ‘attack’?

    i don’t get it…

    off to bed… i’ll check tomorrow…


  34. Zooey says:

    katy,

    War profits
    Delusions of adequacy
    Another chin…

    :-)


  35. questionauthority says:

    Fred Kagan ‘Surge Architect’?
    We’ll lets just see how that ’surge’ is working out…
    2 million Iraqis have left the country. Another 2 million are internally displaced. Clean water, waste treatment, electricity, and fuel are luxuries.
    So, what to do with any remaining Iraqis not yet beaten into submission of the occupation? Pay them off and call it a ‘Sunni Awakening’. Brilliant, as long as the payoffs continue in amounts that can effectively trump any sense of national sovereignty. (Not looking to good there.)

    Kagan is a card carrying, meeting going, dues paying member of the evil ‘Project for the New American Century’ war mongering cabal! Waste, fraud, abuse, death and destruction are how Kagan and his ilk get erections.

    OBAMA, OH-EIGHT, OR ELSE!!!


  36. christopher wiwi says:

    He should be the first to VOLUNTEER……..

    A typical neocon talking headwho has a brain the size of the SHRUBS……….


  37. KingCranky says:

    And speaking of blithering…..

    Tanqueray Says:

    Oh, I’m sure that The Messiah has an answer, He’ll share it with you as soon as he’s elected. Right now it’s kind of like Nixon’s “secret plan”.


  38. Oval12345678 aka James K. Sayre says:

    It’s interesting, the USofA has thousands of nuclear weapons and the missiles to deliver them, as do the Russians. China has nuclear weapons, as does Britain, France, Israel, Pakistan and India. Brazil is moving towards getting them; Argentina may also be developing them. But we and the Israelis are only hysterical about the ancient civilization of Persia being able to defend itself with a few nuclear weapons. Could it be that we would like to move in and control their oil and that if they had nuclear weapons we could not do so? Hmm…


  39. Max-1 says:

    .

    Q U E S T I O N:
    If the idea, concept, thought, what have you, concerning a nuclear Iran and peace in the Middle East scares KKKagan that much, then why isn’t he concerned over Israel’s known possession of nuclear weapons in contravention to the U.N.? Or Pakistan’s possession of nuclear weapons, also in contravention to the U.N. compiled with Al-CIA-Duh and the Taliban militant threat of Pakistan… a non-issue?

    Someone MUST confront him with that reality and expose this Neo-CONman for what he is… a proponent of war crimes in the name of America.

    Ladies and Gents… People like KKKagan ARE the threat to peace in this world. The enjoy a good fight because they have no balls to do anything else. They ride WAR like a man rides his hot muscle car… because it makes up for the lack of muscle in between.

    .


  40. pete says:

    Who would have thought that the neocons would be the group to prove there is no God? Because the God I read about in the Bible would have laid waste to half of Washington long ago.
    We’re in this alone folks. But… The psycochristians are gonna be pissed when their children arrive at that realization!

    And the Republicriminals are just the ones to open their eyes. Ironic huh? The people they are taught to worship will continue to do and say things which kids, if not their parents, will pick up on. It’s HARD to BS a kid.

    That’s why religions are cyclical. One generation catches the bug when they are too old, and jaded, to question. They may manage to indoctrinate most of a generation or two. Then a new generation comes of age when the message doesn’t match the observable facts and the messengers are obviously corrupt.

    Who knows? Perhaps, if enough of the truth comes out, our country will cast off it’s bizarre fascination with myths as quickly as it was picked up? One can hope, but, getting the truth out is problematic. At best.

    G’night good people.
    You too trolls/harpies.


  41. pete says:

    PS.

    “Sock puppets, like the sox(sic) they are made from, inevitably disappear, one by one”.

    I think that’s one of Archimedes’ Laws. But it’s thought to date from the First Load of Laundry.


  42. gummitch says:

    Bottom Shelf Gin Says:

    Well, nothing.

    I’m sorry, gin, I’ve been picking on you and it’s more clear than ever that you’re, well, “special.” I’m sorry for making fun of your utter stupidity and irrelevance, and should have been more considerate of your condition.

    All your infantile comments about “barry” and “fist-tap” threw me and I thought you were simply a moron. I had no idea you were, well, “special.” Sorry.

    You’re really very amusing and clever. No, really.


  43. galmud says:

    the only way that you can make for sure that [a nuclear arm’s race] doesn’t happen is with an attack.

    No thats not how you prevent a nuclear arms race in the region. A US attack would only make Iran more determined then ever they need nuclear weapons to protect them selves from future US/Israeli attacks.

    The nuclear arms race BTW is already under way. Israel has them, Pakistan has them and India has them. The only way to disarm this ticking bomb is to bring all existing and aspiring nuclear powers in the region to the table


  44. Game of Life says:

    Israel and other neighboring countries can have nukes but Iran can’t? Iran has a right to defend themselves against Israel. Israel can defied nukes treaties(?). Iran will comply with the treatie. Kagan go pick on Israel.

    Why can Iran use nuclear power to better their country?


  45. owlbear1 says:

    Well Fredo, buy yourself an AK,a yacht and some night goggles and get your ass in gear!


  46. Game of Life says:

    ccokz @ 52

    OMG! what a web he weaves. Now the “surge has a secret date that only mcchimpy knew? As early as 12/06 not 1/07? “It’s all a matter of semantics, he suggested.”

    When Sheik Ahmad’s brother, Sheik Sattar, met with Mr. Bush in Anbar last fall, he told the president that he dedicated his victory over Al Qaeda to the victims of the attacks of September 11, 2001. On September 13, 2007, Sheik Sattar was assassinated by an improvised explosive device. Since then, his brother Sheik Ahmad has led the awakening movement.

    This is the nut, chimpy backed.

    OT — The Venezuelan leader flew into Minsk after a two-day trip to Moscow, where he agreed to buy elements of a missile defence system, part of a re-arming he described as a response to a US threat to Venezuela.

    Whatca gonna do cowboy chimpy?

    mcchimpy can’t possibly be close in the polls with Sen. Obama. That’s impossible.


  47. Game of Life says:

    “Because of the surge we were able to go out and protect that sheik and others. And it began the Anbar awakening. I mean, that’s just a matter of history.” Unfortunately, history places the awakening as developing through 2005-06–well before the 2007 surge was implemented.

    what a racket.


  48. Evil Spaniard says:

    At the end of the day, the only way that you can make for sure that [a nuclear arm’s race] doesn’t happen is with an attack.

    So when begins the attack on Israel? They have some hundreds of unaknowledged atomic weapons already.


  49. Above the Clouds says:

    I think someone better tell the neocon crowd that America is sick of war, death, and “surges.” These guys really have NOTHING for America, do they?


  50. Bozo The Neoclown says:

    I have a question for chinderella kagan:

    If attacking a nation is the ONLY way to ensure a nuclear arms race doesn’t occur in the region then, why isn’t he screaming and crying for an attack on North Korea? Apparantly, his tin idol in the White House doesn’t seem to feel the same way he does and is offerring the North Koreans aid once again. OOOhhhhh, that’s right, North Korea doesn’t have any oil and it’s not a threat to Israel which, are two important points with the Israeli interests first group here in America.


  51. Bostonian Queer in Dallas says:

    “…I think someone better tell the neocon crowd that America is sick of war, death, and “surges.” These guys really have NOTHING for America, do they?…”

    I think someone WILL tell them in November. The skinny black guy with the funny name is looking better and better every day. I am feeling so “Bobby Kennedy” about him more and more. I’ve been with him from the beginning but now even more I am having some hope again for this nation. McSame, Rodeo Queen’s daddy, looks more and more like a first trimester Alzeimer’s fella.


  52. KayInMaine says:

    Angry children who have an IQ of 10 usually do resort to violence to get their way. Isn’t that right Fred Kegel Exercise?


  53. Fred says:

    Cry_Havoc Says:

    True conservative this guy……lets not just go backwards, lets run backwards.

    His solution for bullying in the schools is for the kids to take martial arts classes and duke it out…..

    He also acts like the US has been a peaceful nation basically since it’s inception. Set the glass of kool-aid down man.


  54. tarazan says:

    Give this fat belly,big cheeks Kagan a rifle and put him in a foxhole to sweat it out fighting Iranians,may be he will shed some 50 pounds or so off his fat body.
    Send him there to Iran with a unit of Neocons and let’s see how he will love war fighting the Iranians after that,a war that he has been selling to Americans so their kids,but not this fat belly Kagan’s kids,will die in it.
    People like Kagan know wars from watching Hollywood movies,and by watching nightly news.
    War is hell Mr. Kagan..
    Send you kids first, if you are sold on this war with Iran.


  55. shoeless says:

    What is going on? Why does no one ever mention the fact that the latest National Intelligence Estimate said Iran halted it’s nuclear weapons program 5 years ago?

    The Iranians are enriching uranium at about 5% for power plants. Nuclear weapons require enrichment of uranium to about 90%. WEAPONS GRADE URANIUM CANNOT BE MADE AT A PLANT WHICH PRODUCES FUEL GRADE URANIUM!

    http://www.dni.gov/press_releases/20071203_release.pdf


  56. Fred says:

    Cry_Havoc Says:
    there are countries and fanatics that do on share our chivalric code of conduct.

    Did you even think about what you’re saying before pushing the submit button?

    Most of the world is more afraid of us than they are of Iran. If you think they have more fanatics than we do just look at our christain religion here in the US. It is unique as a christain nation…..the only christians on the planet that advocate and beat the drum for war.

    Our torture and detainment program must be one of things you are refering to….you know: our chivalric code of conduct


  57. OneCitizen says:

    Paraphrasing Kagan:

    “Well, there’s nothing we can do short of arrests to force PNAC members to give up their pre-emptive wars plan. … At the end of the day, the only way that you can make for sure that (future US war crimes) don’t happen is with incarcerations.”

    Kagan should be made aware that he’s on the list.


  58. shoeless says:

    Do these neoconnuts really hate the Iranians so much they are willing to pay $12/gallon for gas?


  59. tarazan says:

    If people think that Neocons miscalculated putting us in war with Iraq, wait until you see their next biggest miscalculation of wars ever when they drive this country to attack Iran.

    War with Iran will make Iraq war a cakewalk.


  60. misshusseinmolly says:

    shoeless Says
    July 24th, 2008 at 8:25 am
    WEAPONS GRADE URANIUM CANNOT BE MADE AT A PLANT WHICH PRODUCES FUEL GRADE URANIUM!
    ___________________________________________________________

    Of course, the warmongers and the drum beaters are counting on Joe Citizen to be unaware of that fact. This way, they can use the words “nuclear program” as much as possible to conflate nuclear energy with nuclear weapons.


  61. shoeless says:

    And the warmongers are being aided by the supposed “liberal biased” mainstream news media who have been studiously ignoring this fact.


  62. Fred says:

    I suspect that all of this is part of a plan to steal attention away from Obama. They are very envious of the attention he is receiving here and abroad.

    I am sick of people who think war is a solution for anything.


  63. Uncle Ho says:

    kagan should be dropped on Tehran, from 35,000 feet and no parachute.


  64. Game of Life says:

    It’s one thing for a country to defend itself and another thing for a country to invade and occupy another’s country. chimpy and the rest of the nuts are doing the latter.
    How anyone can defend pre-emptive bombing or pre-emptive pardons is ridiculous.

    What chimpy is engaged in is called greedy, bloodthristy, supremacist ideology. The stuff losers are made of. The stuff repugs are proud of. Cowards!


  65. tokin librul says:

    As long as Fred and the rest of the Kagan Klan are in the very front rank of the invading columns, I guess I wouldn’t mind if the US/Israel invades Iran…


  66. Art says:

    To “force” them we must attack.
    Hmmm!
    I wonder what we should do if we wanted to “persuade” them?
    Or is that even an option that was considered?


  67. Rick Y says:

    If the government of Iran was as peace oriented as the commenters on this forum, we’d all be safer…

    But if you’re in favor of Iran having nuclear weapons, are you peace oriented? And if you favor nuclear power in Iran, do you favor building a nuclear plant near you? How about the Mojave Desert?



  68. shoeless says:

    Rick Y Says:

    But if you’re in favor of Iran having nuclear weapons, are you peace oriented?

    STOP IT! IRAN HAS NO NUCLEAR WEAPONS PROGRAM! WHAT PART OF THAT DON’T YOU UNDERSTAND!!!


  69. Fred says:

    Rick Y Says:
    But if you’re in favor of Iran having nuclear weapons, are you peace oriented?

    Rick, no one here has indicated that they favor Iran having nuclear weapons. We just don’t think war is an answer for anything other than self-defense.

    Reference: North Korea…..they had shut down thier nuclear activites and were being monitored by the UN until bush reniged on the peace accord with them. Now they have nukes and we are back to trying to make peace with them.

    In a better world than we live in now, Iran would not feel the need to possess nuclear weapons….who makes them feel as if they need this leverage?


  70. stateofthedivision says:

    The head of Israel’s Defense Forces meets with Dick Cheney, U.S. State Department officials (likely Paul Wolfowitz), and Admiral Mullen (Chair of Joint Chiefs of Staff).

    http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1215331078904&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull


  71. tballou says:

    What a pathetic combination – Andrea Mitchel and Fred Kagan.


  72. rmwarnick says:

    I vote to put Fred Kagan in a B-1 bomber and drop him on Iran– without a parachute.


  73. aceomalley7 says:

    Get ready for the bombs to fall on Iran…I can’t wait for you pricks to start whining and whimpering…


  74. the brown acid says:

    aceomalley7 Says:

    Get ready for the bombs to fall on Iran…I can’t wait for you pricks to start whining and whimpering…

    Get ready for the collapse of the US economy, $12 a gallon gasoline, your SUV becoming a $25,000 lawn ornament you had no business buying in the first place, civil unrest, terrorist attacks both domestic and foreign, and a potential world war 3 scenario we can’t and won’t win.


  75. the brown acid says:

    But you’ll really have showed us, right Ace? I wonder if you can feed a starving family on “I told you so(s)” alone?


  76. stateofthedivision says:

    Hey Ace, it’s called empathy. Learn some.


  77. pete says:

    The only nuclear power that frightens me is Bushco. They have displayed more recent evidence of insanity than, even, the Iranians who don’t have them anyway.

    It could be said that, if one is smart enough to build a nuke, one is sane enough to realize using it would result in the annihilation of one’s country. Whereas someone intending to use a nuke would acquire it clandestinely.

    If you want to worry about nukes? Worry about Pakistan. Chimpy’s buddy Musharraf seems committed to bringing chaos to a nuclear power and our occupation of Afghanistan has already spread the violence across the boarder. By the time our next President takes office the mission could well be to secure Pakistan’s nuclear weapons from a horde which we armed.


  78. pete says:

    A clever person would ask. How many “Christian nations” are being occupied by “Muslim troops”? and; How many “Muslim nations” are being occupied by “Christian troops”?

    I believe that’s a fair measure of their, relative, aggressiveness.



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