ThinkProgress Logo

Climate Progress

We Saved The Ozone Layer. We Can Save The Climate.

by David Doniger, via NRDC’s Switchboard

Climate change is not the first planetary pollution crisis we have faced.  That distinction belongs to the depletion of the earth’s protective ozone layer.

This Sunday marks the 25th anniversary of the signing of the world’s most successful environmental treaty, the Montreal Protocol.  That’s the treaty that saved the ozone layer, saved millions of lives, and avoided a global catastrophe.

We too often take the rescue of the ozone layer for granted.  A whole generation has grown up not hearing much about it, except maybe once each September when the return of the Antarctic ozone hole gets a brief mention in the news.

As we struggle to curb the carbon pollution that’s driving climate change, it’s worth remembering, and learning from, our success in solving the ozone crisis.

The story begins nearly 40 years ago when two chemists, Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina, discovered that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released from aerosol sprays could rise miles over our heads into the stratosphere.  There the sun’s harsh rays split the CFCs apart, triggering reactions that destroyed ozone molecules.  As the ozone shield weakened, more dangerous UV rays could reach the earth’s surface.  That would have condemned millions of people worldwide to die from skin cancer, go blind with cataracts, or suffer from immune diseases.

Their discovery made big news and galvanized Americans. Aerosol sales plummeted, as millions of consumers switched to pump sprays and roll-ons.  Some companies quickly redesigned their products.  But others dug in. For more than a decade, the chemical companies that made CFCs reacted much like today’s coal and oil companies: They denied the science, attacked the scientists, and predicted economic ruin.

But scientists and lawyers at NRDC – well before I got here – fought back.  They helped Rowland and Molina tell their story to Congress and the news media.  They pushed for bans on CFC aerosols here at home, and pressed the U.S. to demand the same from other countries.

In the next few years, Congress added ozone layer protections to the Clean Air Act, federal agencies mopped up the last aerosols, and the State Department began working with other nations on a treaty.  In 1980, EPA issued an “endangerment” finding, saying that the other uses of CFCs in refrigerators, air conditioners, and industrial processes also posed a threat to the ozone layer and to public health.

But when Ronald Reagan took office, things bogged down.  Those of you who remember Anne Gorsuch and James Watt will know that protecting the ozone layer was not a priority in Reagan’s first years.  EPA did nothing, treaty talks stalled, and CFC use rebounded, so by the mid-1980s, production was back to its 1974 peak and rising fast. The danger was growing again.

So I and an NRDC colleague sued EPA under the Clean Air Act, because EPA was obligated by the endangerment finding to issue CFC regulations.   To its credit, the Reagan administration followed the science and settled our lawsuit with a plan of action. EPA worked with NASA and other agencies to amass a compelling, peer-reviewed scientific assessment.  EPA brought together industry and environmentalists and others to agree on alternatives.  The State Department restarted treaty talks.

Congress held hearings under the bipartisan leadership of Senators Max Baucus, John Chafee, and Al Gore, and Representatives Henry Waxman and Sherwood Boehlert, keeping the danger in the public eye.  And the news media covered the story, without giving equal time to marginal skeptics.

The discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole added new urgency.  By 1986, even the chemical industry acknowledged CFC limits were needed.

In 1986 I proposed the idea of a 10-year global phase-out – to start using available alternatives immediately and to create market incentives to rapidly perfect and deploy solutions for the remaining uses.  Again to their credit, Reagan’s EPA Administrator Lee Thomas and Secretary of State George Schultz put such a plan on the international negotiating table.

Yet not everybody was on board. Interior Secretary Donald Hodel urged President Reagan to tell people to just wear hats and sunglasses.  His plan became a punch line. Reagan continued to back the treaty.

Read more

Economy

10 Questions Romney Should Answer About His Taxes

Our guest blogger is Seth Hanlon, Director of Fiscal Reform at the Center for American Progress Action Fund.

On Friday afternoon, the Romney campaign released the candidate’s 2011 tax return, which showed that he paid a tax rate of approximately 14 percent on more than $13 million of reported income. The campaign also disclosed that Romney voluntarily forfeited about $1.8 million in charitable deductions to inflate the tax rate he would have to disclose to the public. The campaign continues to refuse to release returns prior to 2010, flunking an accepted standard of transparency, first established by Mitt’s father George Romney, of releasing multiple years’ returns.

In a blog post, Romney’s lawyer and the trustee of his “blind trust” said, “After you have reviewed all of the newly-posted documents, you may have further questions.” Yes, we do. Lots.

Here are 10 unanswered questions about Romney’s taxes:

1. After the election, when the subject of your tax returns is outside of the public glare, will you file an amended tax return to claim your full deduction of charitable contributions? Was the tax rate you reported for other years similarly manipulated?

2. Why was your 2011 income $7 million lower than you estimated it to be in January? How does someone overestimate their income by $7 million?

3. Financial disclosures show that you have as much as $82 million in your tax-deferred Individual Retirement Account, despite the fact that tax rules limited contributions into such accounts to $30,000 per year. Did you lowball the value of the assets you put into your IRA, as tax experts suspect? And did you do the same with gifts into your sons’ trusts?

4. What was the purpose of your Swiss bank account and the myriad offshore entities shown on your return, based in countries like the Cayman Islands and Luxembourg, if not to avoid taxes?

5. Can you explain what one tax expert has called a “mysterious one-time infusion of foreign tax credits” in 2008?

6. You have not disclosed any foreign bank account reports (FBARs). Did you file all FBARs on all of your offshore accounts with the Treasury Department by the legal deadlines each year?

7. You claim to have paid an average tax rate of 20 percent over the last 20 years based on a flawed calculation. What was your real tax rate?

8. Your 14 percent tax rate –- not to mention the approximately 10 percent tax rate you would have paid had you not inflated it — is less than what many middle-class Americans pay. And you paid just 0.2% of your income in payroll taxes, while most Americans pay about 15%. Do you think that is fair?

9. Your tax returns show that the Marriott Corporation paid you $260,390 in directors’ fees in 2011. When you were the company’s audit committee chair in the 1990s, were you aware that the company was abusing a notorious illegal tax shelter?

10. You say you’ve made a “commitment to the public” that your tax rate should not be below 13 percent. If you believe that the richest Americans shouldn’t be paying an exceptionally low tax rate, why don’t you support President Obama’s “Buffett Rule”?

Romney’s lack of transparency on his tax returns is especially troubling given that he is similarly evasive on the details of his tax policies. From what we know about his tax plan, Romney would shower massive tax breaks on the wealthiest Americans, which means that it can only adds up with a major middle-class tax hike. How much will Romney raise your taxes in order to cut taxes for people like him? That’s the biggest unanswered question of all.

Politics

Sikhs Argue For ‘The Dignity Of Being A Statistic’ At Senate Hearing

Our guest bloggers are Jack Jenkins and Aaron Shapiro.

As people gathered on Capitol Hill earlier this week for a Senate hearing on hate crimes and domestic terrorism, many expected it to be an emotional affair. The meeting, which focused on the broader issue of hate crimes in the United States, was convened largely in response to the tragic mass shooting in August at a Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin, and many of the family members of the victims were among those in attendance.

But despite the presence of grief and raw emotions, one of the most controversial issues of the hearing was seemingly the most mundane: the importance of a check-box. This significant detail was raised by Hapreet Singh Saini, 18, as he addressed Sen. Dick Durbin (D-IL), who chaired the hearing for the Senate Judiciary subcommittee.

Saini, who lost his mother, Paramjit Kaur, just forty-five days prior after a white supremacist walked into the Sikh Temple of Wisconsin and shot her while she was praying, delivered a moving and often tearful testimony about the importance of data representation.

“Senators, I came here today to ask the government to give my mother the dignity of being a statistic,” he said. “My mother and those shot that day will not even count on a federal form. We cannot solve a problem we refuse to recognize.”

Watch Saini’s powerful testimony below:

Saini’s request sounds simple, but is rooted in a troublesome reality: The FBI and the Department of Justice currently do not have a “check box” for Sikh Americans, meaning they don’t track hate crimes specifically perpetrated against Sikhs. They instead list attacks on Sikh Americans in the same category as Muslim, Arab, and South Asian Americans, meaning crimes committed against these groups are statistically – and therefore, often perceived to be – indistinguishable.
Read more

NEWS FLASH

STUDY: Sugary Drinks Tied To Obesity | New research presented Friday conclusively ties sugary drinks like soda to America’s obesity epidemic. In a decades-long study of more than 33,000 Americans, sugary drinks were found to interact with genes that affect weight, significantly amplifying any genetic risk for obesity. Meanwhile, sugar-free drinks did not have any impact on obesity risk. The study, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, is the strongest case yet for the link between added sugar and obesity — good news for Mayor Michael Bloomberg, as New York City prepares to implement his ban on sodas larger than 16 ounces.

Alyssa

The Return of the Book Club

We’ve been on hiatus for a while, but I’ve had a couple of requests to bring the book club back for Michael Chabon’s latest novel, Telegraph Avenue, and since I want to read it myself, I think it’s worth doing. Let’s do Part I for next Friday.

Economy

Housing Regulator To Punish Homeowners In States That Make It Harder To Foreclose

The Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) has proposed raising the prices of federally-insured mortgages in states that have attempted to make it harder for banks to foreclose on homeowners. Under the proposal, lenders in five states will have to pay more to originate mortgages backed by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and the costs will likely be passed on to borrowers, the Financial Times reports:

Lenders originating new loans in New York, New Jersey, Illinois, Florida and Connecticut will be forced to pay US-backed mortgage giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac up to 30 basis points extra for their credit guarantee, the Federal Housing Finance Agency said in its proposal.

The fee would probably be passed on to borrowers. The agency said the surcharge would compensate for the increased cost of repossessing homes in the five states, costs ultimately borne by US taxpayers.

The FHFA argues that the policy is necessary to keep homeowners in other states from subsidizing homeowners in those five, as cost discrepancies occur when the foreclosure process is slowed down.

The decision, though, ignores why those five states slowed down the foreclosure process. Speedy foreclosure processes make it easier for lenders to use robo-signers that lead to fraudulent documentation, to the dual-tracking practice that caused foreclosures on homeowners actively seeking loan modifications, or to lenders making mistakes and foreclosing on the wrong homes.

Slowing down the process makes it easier to prevent fraud, catch those mistakes, and hold banks and lenders accountable. But thanks to the new FHFA policy, the incentive will again be to make the foreclosure process as fast as possible, as FireDogLake’s David Dayen explained.

“So the federal conservator of Fannie and Freddie wants to put its thumbs on the scale in favor of faster foreclosures and diminished due process,” Dayen wrote. “FHFA wants to be able to foreclose on lenders…without concern for whether the documents are legitimate, without concern for whether the bank and the borrower can come to a resolution on a modification.”

LGBT

Intel Clarifies That No Donations Will Be Made To Any Boy Scouts Troop That Discriminates

Earlier this week, The American Independent reported that Intel was one of the Boy Scouts of America’s largest corporate donors in 2010, giving over $700,000 to local troops and councils as matching grants for employees’ volunteer work. Scouts for Equality founder Zach Wahls responded by launching a Change.org petition calling on the computer chip maker to cease financial support for any group, like the Boy Scouts, that discriminates against people based on their sexual orientation.

Today, Intel clarified to ThinkProgress that it has already adjusted its policies to prevent such donations in the future. The company first launched its Involved Matching Grant Program three years ago, offering donations to organizations for which employees volunteer, but there was originally no mechanism to ensure that they aligned with Intel’s nondiscrimination principles. As checks were being cut at the end of last year, Intel realized that many were going to organizations — including, but not limited to, the Boy Scouts — that were out of step with those principles. This year, for the first time, prospective recipients of Intel grants will have to sign a statement confirming that they do not discriminate based on creed or sexual orientation, and any groups that cannot do so will be ineligible for funding.

Intel’s Chief Diversity Officer, Rosalind Hudnell, provided the following statement to ThinkProgress:

HUDNELL: Intel and the Intel Foundation give millions of dollars annually to great organizations doing valuable service around the globe. Intel has not provided funding to the National Boy Scouts of America organization.  The $700,000 in funding from the Intel Foundation was donated to local Boy Scout troops or councils where our employees volunteer their time, through our volunteer matching grants program.

In an effort to recognize our employees commitment to the communities we call home, Intel expanded its volunteer matching grants program in 2009.  Through it, Intel matches the amount of time employees’ volunteer with non-profits with dollars from the Intel Foundation. Due to significant growth in the number of organizations funded, earlier this year we revisited our policies associated with the program, and applied new rigor that requires any organization to confirm that it adheres to Intel’s anti-discrimination policy in order to receive funding.

Intel is committed to fostering a culture of inclusion and to supporting the communities in which we live and work.

Under the policy, the growing number of Boy Scout troops and councils that refuse to abide by BSA’s discriminating policy would still be eligible for Intel’s funding. Hopefully, the company’s ongoing commitment to its employees and their volunteer work will help more troops shift to a policy of inclusion.

Update

Change.org offered the following comment from Zach Wahls upon conclusion of his petition:

WAHLS: Intel made the right decision here, in order to live up to their corporate values of diversity, equality and individual liberty. Companies that support the LGBT community simply can’t be in the business of funding organizations that discriminate. Frankly, by sending this message, Intel is upholding the true spirit of Scouting better than the BSA is today.

NEWS FLASH

Obama Nominee Would Be First Black Woman To Join Washington DC Trial Court In 30 Years | Over half of Washington, DC’s residents are black, yet an African-American woman has not served on the federal trial court that presides over the District of Columbia since 2003, when former Chief Judge Norma Holloway Johnson stepped down from the federal bench. Yesterday, President Obama took the first step towards rectifying this by nominating Sentencing Commission member Ketanji Brown Jackson to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. If confirmed, Jackson will be the first black woman to join this court in over thirty years, when Judge Johnson took the bench. President Clinton also nominated a black woman, Rhonda Fields, to the same court, but she was not confirmed by the GOP-controlled Senate.

Health

Rick Perry Wants To Replace Planned Parenthood With Crisis Pregnancy Centers That Don’t Provide Health Services

When Texas Republicans cut off Planned Parenthood from the state’s Women’s Health Program — losing millions in federal funds and endangering access to health care for women in the program — Gov. Rick Perry (R) promised to keeping the program going with only state funds and without Planned Parenthood.

Now it’s clear what groups he wants to include in the program for low-income women instead: anti-abortion crisis pregnancy centers that do not provide the same women’s health services. In fact, the Women’s Health Program doesn’t even cover pregnant women, so there is no clear reason why crisis pregnancy centers should be included.

Perry laid out his idea earlier this week at the opening of a new crisis pregnancy center in Houston, according to RH Reality Check:

The Source for Women clinics, in fact, will be part of Texas’s own Women’s Health Program, and Planned Parenthood will not be,” Perry told the crowd. [...]

Despite the fact that the Source currently provides only limited, pregnancy-related medical care and STI screenings, Gov. Perry is holding up the ideologically-motivated crisis pregnancy center as the future of comprehensive reproductive medical care for low-income Texas women. He even told the crowd gathered on Tuesday that Texas is excited about helping them spread their beliefs.

The opening of this latest medical center will enable you to spread your message,” he said, “and do your vital work, on a significantly larger scale in the years to come.”

The Source’s CEO Cynthia Wenz told RH Reality Check that they will provide pap smears and some forms of contraception in order to participate in the Women’s Health Program, but no “abortifacients” will be provided. At crisis pregnancy centers, though, that term can be misconstrued to apply to almost all forms of hormonal birth control and even intrauterine devices (IUDs) — the most effective form of birth control.

NEWS FLASH

Republican Rep: Obama ‘has helped jump start a new Ottoman Empire’ | Speaking on the House floor Friday afternoon, Rep. Louie Gohmert (R-TX) claimed President Obama’s foreign policy in the Middle East was “a massive beginning of a new Ottoman Empire that [he] can take great credit for.” Gohmert continued, “This president is trying to buy affection from people who are bullies, who are radical Islamists, who want to destroy us.” The Texas Republican has a history of Islamophobic behavior. Watch the clip:

– Greg Noth

Older

Switch to Mobile
ThinkProgress Signup Overlay Skip and Continue to ThinkProgress Skip and Continue to ThinkProgress

Sign Up