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Astronomical Revisionism

In the course of arguing for school vouchers, Andrew Coulson tries out a little analogy:

Unaware that the planets orbit the sun, pre-Copernican astronomers tried to reproduce their trajectories with clever, intricate, but inevitably doomed geocentric models. In a similar vein, the Center struggled unsuccessfully to reproduce market incentives within their state-centric policy environment.

This is neither here nor there as far as education policy goes, but people are under some serious misapprehensions regarding Copernicus. The thing about pre-Copernican astronomy was that it was actually very good at calculating the orbits of the planets. It was also nicely integrated into a theory of gravity — objects fall toward the center of the earth because solids have a natural tendency to direct themselves toward the center of the universe. Copernicus, by boldly casting aside the geocentric theory, managed to wreck this theory of motion (he had nothing with which to replace it), and was able to replace the previous astronomical tables with new, less accurate ones. Copernicus, you see, assumed that the planets moved around the suns in circles, which gives you the wrong results. Pre-Copernican astronomers, by contrast, were able to use epicycles to very closely match the theory with the observed data.

The virtue of Copernicus’ system is that it was much simpler to do Coperican calculations than it was to factor all the epicycles in. People liked it because it was only somewhat less accurate than its predecessor but substantially easier to use. It took decades, however, for later theorists to work out elliptical orbits and the modern theory of gravity that gave “Copernican” astronomy the theoretical foundations and accurate results that it initially lacked.

Yglesias

Vous Descendus Mon Cuirassé!

From the world is flat files, I’m in one of those Starbucks-inside-Barnes&Noble places that make contemporary America so great and next to me two little French girls are using pen and paper to play a game that seems to be roughly battleship except I don’t recognize the words they’re using as indicating naval vessels. It occurs to me at this moment that I somehow never realized that this was a game you could easily play without actually buying the plastic board and little pieces.

UPDATE: I was trying to piece the correct French together, but apparently it should be “vous avez coulé mon cuirassé.”

Politics

Contrary To Pentagon Claims, Gen. Casey Still Warning Against Troop Escalation In Iraq

general-casey2.jpg On Dec. 23, an anonymous Defense Department official told the Los Angeles Times that top American military commanders in Iraq, including Gen. George Casey, had “decided to recommend a ‘surge’ of fresh American combat forces.”

But in an interview last Friday, Casey told reporters that he still has doubts about an President Bush’s troop escalation plan in Iraq. From today’s New York Times:

The longer we in the U.S. forces continue to bear the main burden of Iraq’s security, it lengthens the time that the government of Iraq has to take the hard decisions about reconciliation and dealing with the militias. And the other thing is that they can continue to blame us for all of Iraq’s problems, which are at base their problems. … It’s always been my view that a heavy and sustained American military presence was not going to solve the problems in Iraq over the long term.

Additionally, according to Casey’s spokesman, the general, as of Dec. 23, had “not recommended more troops be sent here.”

The Bush administration has been heavily pushing the idea that there is support for troop escalation in Iraq. But in reality, the Joint Chiefs of Staff are unanimously opposed to Bush’s plan to send more troops to Iraq, as are prominent conservative senators, including outgoing Foreign Relations committee chairman Richard Lugar (R-IN) and outgoing Judiciary committee chairman Arlen Specter (R-PA). Many military officials believe that Bush has tried to bribe them into supporting his escalation plan by offering a tradeoff of increasing the size of the military.

Casey was “scheduled to shift out of Iraq in the summer.” But that now may “happen in February or March.”

Climate Progress

“Hell and High Water” is Here

hell-and-high-water-book-cover-zealous-crop.jpgThe book that gave birth to ClimateProgress, Hell and High Water: Global Warming — The Solution and the Politics, is out and getting media coverage.

It has already been featured in a New York Times article: “Travel Habits Must Change to Make a Big Difference in Energy Consumption.” The article, one of the better recent pieces quantifying what people need to do to reduce emissions, ends:

Mr. Romm, the author of a new book about energy and climate change, Hell and High Water, said that eventually the world’s industries would have to switch to lower-carbon fuels, but before that time individuals and industries could take plenty of action. “You use efficiency to stop demand growth,” he said.

Giving energy efficiency its due as a climate solution is one of the main goals of both the book and ClimateProgress.

The book is also the subject of a long review in the Toronto Star, as well as an extended podcast interview and blog post, which says the book “offers one of the best looks at why and how the Bush administration (and conservative forces in general) is avoiding action on global warming” and concludes:

The book itself is a short and easy read, not as intimidating as some other works, and it hits all the main points on the science and politics behind global warming, and the policy and technological solutions to minimize damage to the planet, economy and humanity.

Politics

Goode: Ellison’s Election Shows We Are ‘Vulnerable To Infiltration’ By Those Who Want Another 9/11

GoodeIn a letter to constituents, Rep. Virgil Goode (R-VA) blasted Rep. Keith Ellison (D-MN), the first Muslim elected to Congress, for using a Koran in a private, unofficial swearing in ceremony. Goode wrote, “I fear that in the next century we will have many more Muslims in the United States if we do not adopt the strict immigration policies that I believe are necessary to preserve the values and beliefs traditional to the United States of America.”

Goode’s remarks have been widely criticized as bigoted. But he’s not backing down. In an op-ed in this morning’s USA Today, Goode writes that Ellison’s election is an indication that we are at risk of “infiltration” by Islamic extremists who want another 9/11. An excerpt:

My letter also stated, “If American citizens don’t wake up and adopt the Virgil Goode position on immigration there will likely be many more Muslims elected to office and demanding the use of the Quran.”

Let us remember that we were not attacked by a nation on 9/11; we were attacked by extremists who acted in the name of the Islamic religion. I believe that if we do not stop illegal immigration totally, reduce legal immigration and end diversity visas, we are leaving ourselves vulnerable to infiltration by those who want to mold the United States into the image of their religion, rather than working within the Judeo-Christian principles that have made us a beacon for freedom-loving persons around the world.

In response to Goode’s column, the USA Today editors write, “Tolerance and religious freedom are at America’s heart. So is the nation’s embrace of people from all countries and cultures. Several million Muslims live in the USA. It is to the nation’s credit that one of them will join Congress this week.”

Politics

Roadside bombs

have caused “over a third of the 3,000 American GI deaths in Iraq.” The Christian Science Monitor notes that these IEDs have “bedeviled” Pentagon war planners and “the danger is increasing despite efforts to counter it.”

Yglesias

Discrimination

The study found that when presented with applications for promotion, women were more likely than men to assess the female candidate as less qualified than the male one.

They were also prone to mark down women’s prospects for promotion and to assess them as more controlling than men in their management style.

Read all about it in The Sunday Times. Let me note that these survey results could have been framed in any number of ways. The newspaper chooses to frame it as debunking the notion that women are held back in the workplace by discrimination by men. As best I can tell, however, the survey actually indicates that men and women were both inclined to discriminate against women candidates, but that men were somewhat less so inclined than were women.

Yglesias

Free Will

The Times Science section has an article on free will that’s much better than what you usually get from the popular press. A recent Economist article, by contrast, started with some observations about recent neuroscience, leapt to a conclusion about metaphysics, and then pondered whether the new freedom-less metaphysics didn’t have sweeping consequences for liberalism, political freedom, etc.

As Julian explains this is all quite wrong. Political liberty, understood as the absence of coercion, has nothing in particular to do with radical metaphysical free will. What’s more, there’s less connection between the metaphysics of free will and the concept of responsibility than most people think. In most cases, it works perfectly well to think of whether and how to hold someone responsible for something as a pragmatic political decision. The kind of responsibility that may or may not be impacted by what we think about free will is something larger and more transcendent. Something like whether or not it makes sense for God to hold people responsible for their wrongdoing (by, e.g. sending them to hell) if God also created a predetermined universe (as, I think, orthodox Muslims are supposed to believe), which is tied up with all your traditional theological problems about theodicy and so forth. For the purposes of making profane decisions about governance, though, we can kind of ignore all that stuff.

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