ThinkProgress Logo

Stories tagged with “Political Science

Health

What One Doctor’s Approach To Treating A Jehovah’s Witness Says About Religious Liberty In Medicine

69-year-old Rebecca S. Tomczak suffers sarcoidosis, a condition that leads to lung scarring and can devolce into a terminal disease if left untreated. The doctors told her that without a full lung transplant, her prognosis would be dire — and while Tomczak could have qualified for transplant lists at several hospitals, she had to scour through several providers before finding one that would take up her case, since she’s a practicing Jehovah’s Witness. Her adherence to her faith prevents her from receiving blood transfusions, which are typically necessary for transplant surgeries.

As the New York Times reports, Tomczak was finally able to track down Dr. Scott A. Scheinin of the Houston-based Methodist Hospital, who agreed to treat her on her own terms. The hospital had conducted several successful bloodless lung transplants before — specifically tailored towards Jehovah’s Witnesses — and had developed an innovative, seemingly safe medical approach to treating these patients while also respecting their closely-held tenets. As Dr. Scheinin put it, “At the end of the day, if you agree to take care of these patients, you agree to do it on their terms.”

Critics might balk that tailoring medical procedures towards a patient’s religious beliefs is impractical and costly. But the new system that the doctors at Methodist developed was more cost-effective than regular transplant procedures — and arguably more safe, as there has been some evidence that blood transfusions may actually be risky in certain cases:

The economy is also helping the blood management movement. Processing and transfusing a single unit of blood can cost as much as $1,200, and many hospitals are trying to cut back. Administrators at Methodist said their bloodless lung transplants typically cost 30 percent less than other lung transplants, partly because careful management of hemoglobin levels before surgery has resulted in fewer complications and shorter stays.

Experts say they are beginning to see a measurable impact on blood usage, although the data to support it are not yet available. Dr. Richard J. Benjamin, the chief medical officer of the American Red Cross, predicted that the numbers would show the first decline in use since the AIDS scare began in the 1980s, perhaps by one million units.

“We’re changing this culture, this knee-jerk transfusion reaction,” Dr. Scheinin said. “And I think that’s been a good thing for all our patients.”

While Tomczak’s story is intriguing for its implications on medical innovation and reducing health care costs, it also highlights a positive way to reconcile the tensions between modern medical technology and religious dogma. Rather than being a case in which a doctor imposes his or her conscientious biases on a patient — such as the Irish medical team that incited global outrage after denying a life-saving abortion to a woman who later passed away — Tomczak’s experiences are an example of a doctor keeping his patient’s health at the forefront while also respecting that patient’s ethical choices through creativity and innovation. That may not be achievable in every single case — but this particular story shows that it certainly is possible.

Alyssa

Remembering Richard Ben Cramer And ‘What It Takes’

It’s incredibly sad to hear of the death of the writer Richard Ben Cramer from lung cancer. Many, many appreciations of What It Takes, his book about the contenders for their parties 1988 presidential nominations, will be written in the days to come. But what always struck me about the book is the relationship between objectivity and empathy in it.

Cramer believed that every candidate deserved a fair analysis, not a fair conclusion, and the book is richer for it. Details like George H.W. Bush’s penchant for writing thank-you notes or Michael Dukakis’ turkey tetrazzini are there not because they’re focus-grouped or blandly “colorful,” but for what they tell a reader about the candidate, from the strength of Bush’s network, to Dukakis’s tendency to get bogged down in details. The balance of the book stems from Cramer’s genuine curiosity about all the men he wrote about, and that curiosity has a way of opening up even settled minds. I’d always thought Bob Dole was simply mean until I read about his rehabilitation regime after his service in World War II and his work on the food stamps program. But in a fair analysis, not everyone is equal, and Cramer is honest about each man’s weaknesses and strengths, be they stylistic or risk-taking, like the idiot daring that lead Gary Hart to the deck of the Monkey Business.

We talk a lot these days about the win-the-morning mentality in political journalism. It’s a frustrating dynamic because it encourages an obsessive focus on perceived gaffes or individual debate performances, rather than fundamentals like the quality of President Obama’s reelection team’s ground campaign and sophisticated use of technology. But What It Takes is also a reminder that the most important campaign fundamental is the man at the head of it, and that he’s the product of thousands upon thousands of mornings.

Alyssa

The Marketing of ‘John Carter’ and Hollywood’s Strange Views of Men

Since market research came back with some deeply awful numbers about audience anticipation that suggest that America has basically no interest in seeing John Carter, Disney’s epic and epically expensive movie set on Mars, there’s been a lot of dissection of the way the movie has been marketed. But I want to return to the first big decision in that campaign: to change the name of the movie from A Princess of Mars on the grounds that nobody goes to see movies about women, to John Carter of Mars, to John Carter.

The thing about John Carter is that it’s totally nondescript. This literally could be the name of anything—there have been 8 movies made that are simply called John, and they’re everything from creepy horror movies to drug flicks to foreign films. John Carter could be the name of a cubicle drone or a futuristic warrior. The novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs that the movie is based on may be lovingly remembered, but they’re not part of the canon like Ender’s Game. This name means nothing to be people. A Princess of Mars, or a variant like John Carter and the Princess of Mars, would have at least provided the crucial context that this movie is set some place other than the planet Earth.

And the central premise, that women don’t see enough science fiction to make up for the presumed hordes of men who would run in horror at a move with “princess” in the title is just bizarre. Sure, there are action movies that don’t involve romances. But the vast majority of the time, whether a dude is stealing cars or blowing up planes, he is also wooing a member of the fairer sex. Even if Disney is assuming that its audience is shy dudes who are afraid to talk to women in real life, that audience still seems to enjoy watching Paul Walker or Brad Pitt or whoever spit game and bed ladies. Would that they’d turn out consistently to see women be strong and powerful and be the ones who are delivering lines and seducing guys. But when Disney is setting the bar for their expectations of their audience even lower than I assume it is, dudes and women alike should find themselves insulted.

All of which is a way of saying this fan-made trailer looks amazing:

Climate Progress

It’s Anti-Flat-Earth Day, and Conservapedia Still Thinks the Theory of Relativity Is a Liberal Plot

http://dogmadekate.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/flat_earth.jpgFor some it’s Columbus Day. But why not also celebrate it as Anti-Flat-Earth Day*.  It’s a holiday so I’m going to repost a classic, “Conservapedia: The theory of relativity is a liberal plot.”

I’m reposting it in honor of the Flat-Earth anti-science crowd — starting with Robert Bryce, of the Manhattan Institute, who tried to make a mockery of Science in the Wall Street Journal concerning a recent experiment related to Einstein’s theory.

But of course we have the larger point that Chris Mooney made in his column on how “Today’s Right is Overwhelmingly More Anti-Science Than Today’s Left.”  And that brought out the American Enterprise Institute’s Kenneth Green who pulled a Charlie Sheen.

Progressives don’t need an alternative to Wikipedia because we are fact-based and science-based.  Indeed, science is the foundation of progress.  Perhaps that is why so many conservatives are anti-science and why the extremists among them set up the Conservapedia, which claims to be “The Trustworthy Encyclopedia,” and brags “Over 290 million Views & Over 900,000 Edits.”

http://games.gearlive.com/blogimages/head_asplode.jpgAnd yet after all those edits, they still have the same unadulterated nonsense on the theory of relativity and all of science that I wrote about 2 years ago.  And so I would ask you to put on your head vises — or your cranial containment field, if you dropped a dime on the deluxe model — and  go back to the future.

First though, it’s worth noting that the Conservapedia entry for Christopher Columbus states, “As conservative historian Wilcomb Washburn explains, if Columbus had not discovered the New World, the process of European discovery might have been very different. Rather than standing as a symbol of inexorable forces, Columbus is better seen as a representative of the spirit of inquiry, Christian religious zeal, and the notable achievements of Western Civilization.”

Yes, Columbus is a representative of the spirit of inquiry in the same way that Conservapedia is representative of an attempt to destroy that same spirit of inquiry, a spirit that created modern science, one of the most notable achievements of civilization.

Read more

Climate Progress

Cholera and Climate Change: The New York Times Gets the Story Exactly Backwards

http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2011/08/30/science/30GLOB/30GLOB-articleLarge.jpg

If you wonder why the public is so ill-informed about global warming, the following head-exploding story is illuminating.  The New York Times appears to be downplaying the role of climate change.  You be the judge.

A few weeks ago, some experts on public health and the hydrological cycle came out with a nuanced study in the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene examining some recent theories as to why cholera outbreaks occur.

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene put out a news release headlined:

Scientists pinpoint river flow associated with cholera outbreaks, not just global warming

Previously, some scientists had seen a correlation between sea surface temperature and cholera outbreaks in certain locations, like the coastal waters of the Bay of Bengal.  That puzzled the authors of this new study, “Warming Oceans, Phytoplankton, and River Discharge: Implications for Cholera Outbreaks” (PDF here) for two reasons:

  1. High SSTs are normally associated with a decrease in phytoplankton — the authors cite 8 studies on this.  (See also, Nature Stunner: “Global warming blamed for 40% decline in the ocean’s phytoplankton”).
  2. High-levels of phytoplankton are thought to lead to cholera outbreaks.  The causal agent of cholera hangs around with copepods, small crustaceans that feed on phytoplankton.  So it’s been theorized that “high levels of phytoplankton may lead to high numbers of cholera-containing copepods, increasing the likelihood of cholera epidemics in coastal human populations.”

What the new study found was that in the Bay of Bengal and other large river basins -‑ the Orinoco (in South America), the Congo, and the Amazon — “The positive relationship between phytoplankton blooms and ocean temperature is related to large river discharges,” said Shafiqul Islam, PhD, the lead investigator of the study and a professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Tufts.  The rivers discharge “terrestrial nutrients.”

The release notes:

But Islam said that global warming may play a role in other ways in outbreaks of cholera, including contributing to droughts and high salinity intrusion in the dry season and floods in the wet season. Both of those conditions have been found also to contribute to cholera epidemics, as published recently in the journal Water Resources Research. “If river flows are more turbulent, if droughts are more severe, if flood is more severe, cholera is more severe,” he said. “But cholera may not have direct linkage with rising sea surface temperatures.”

Okay, so the main result of the study is that cholera outbreaks may not be causally linked with rising SSTs — though the authors can’t make a definitive statement on that (if you actually talk to them).  But cholera outbreaks have been appear to be linked to extreme flooding as well as extreme drought, both of which, of course, have been projected — and even observed — to increase because of climate change!

So what is the headline of the New York Times story?

Seriously.

The news release doesn’t say this at all — quite the reverse.  The study doesn’t say this — if you read it.  Nor do the authors — quite the reverse.   I had an extended interview with Islam yesterday, and, to be clear, he explains that this study simply can’t say whether or not there is a linkage between warmer SSTs and cholera.  But his work does suggest that the kind of extreme weather linked to climate change is a culprit in outbreaks.  Note — “a culprit,” not the only one.

The New York Times appears to have read the news release, but decided to run with its own perverse narrative.  I say that based on the final paragraph of the Times story, which is lifted from the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene release:

Read more

Alyssa

‘Boss,’ ‘Parks and Recreation,’ ‘Kings,’ and the Need for Fictional Political Parties

On Friday, Todd VanDerWerff tweeted that one of the producers of Starz’s new political show, Boss, told reporters that “At no point during the show do we refer to parties.”

It’s entirely possible to make shows about politicians without referring to their party affiliations, especially if you show them mostly in isolation, brooding over power and tactics, and even easier if you don’t engage with policy, just with the exercise of brute force. But especially if you’re making a television program about tough-as-nails Chicago politicians, eschewing party politics means you’re giving up most of the means by which that brute force is exercised, and by which the objects of that force are defined. If you’re going to have enemies in political stories, you have to figure out who they are, and parties are useful identifiers, whether your foe is an ideological rival, a procedural one, or your rival for position within the hierarchy of the party itself.

I’m sympathetic to the idea that the folks who make smart television don’t want to risk their audience before a show even starts airing, especially if, like Starz, you’re trying to establish yourself as destination channel for smart original content that doesn’t involve people getting naked and killing each other in arenas. But Democratic and Republican politics don’t play out the same way on the local level — even in big cities — as they do nationally. Parks and Recreation‘s been an incredibly effective demonstration of that. It would be entirely possible to have Kelsey Grammar, who is playing a Rahm-like politician on the show Boss, have Rahm’s personally aggressive style without attaching Rahm’s voting record and stances in the Obama administration to him, using a series of local issues and relationships with local stakeholders to define him as a Democrat or a Republican.

Or even if that’s too touchy, why not invent a couple of fictional political parties? That kind of work happens most often in science fiction, scabrous satirical humor, or in Dave Barry books, but there’s no reason it couldn’t be done in more realistic dramas, in ways that are usefully thought-provoking. I’d be curious to see a long-running exploration of what it would be like to have one party that’s fairly interventionist on both moral and social safety net issues, opposing abortion, equal rights for gay couples, and the death penalty while supporting universal health care and heavy taxes on the wealthiest citizens positioned against a much more staunchly libertarian party that’s pro-choice, low-tax, low social services, etc. One of the best things about Kings was that it didn’t spend a lot of time explaining the new framework that it was operating in: the show just sort of plunged in and let you figure out the importance of the powerfully active military-industrial complex. While I like Kings, it’s also reasonably obvious why it didn’t find a network following — the lead actor simply isn’t very good, and the religious stuff is incredible, but probably would have found a more natural audience on a network like HBO, which also would have found alternative ways to support its heavy production costs.

But I don’t think that fate would necessarily attach to a show that was more of our world, with smaller but significant tweaks to the positions that, bundled together, define political parties. We can make a nigh-infinite number of television shows about the nature of power as a raw, elemental thing (especially if they star Ian McShane). But they’re not the only kind of fiction we need to help us consider our political system and the future that our politics will define. Our parties are held together by duct tape, temperamental similarities, entrenched hatred, tears, and determination, but not necessarily by consensus or logic. We’re settled into them for now, but at some point, someone more effective than the Reform Party, or No Labels, or Unity ’08 might come along and present a viable alternative. Our pop culture’s daintiness about parties is in odd contrast to the brutality of our political contests.

Climate Progress

USGS: Global Warming Drives Rockies Snowpack Loss Unrivaled in 800 Years, Threatens Western Water Supply

Melting snow fields in the Rocky Mountains.

A US Geological Survey study released today suggests that snowpack declines in the Rocky Mountains over the last 30 years are unusual compared to the past few centuries. Prior studies by the USGS and other institutions attribute the decline to unusual springtime warming, more precipitation falling now as rain rather than snow and earlier snowmelt.

The warming and snowpack decline are projected to worsen through the 21st century, foreshadowing a strain on water supplies. Runoff from winter snowpack – layers of snow that accumulate at high altitude – accounts for 60 to 80 percent of the annual water supply for more than 70 million people living in the western United States.

That’s from a USGS news release for an important new study in Science, “The Unusual Nature of Recent Snowpack Declines in the North American Cordillera” (subs. req’d).

What’s most worrisome is that we now have three major trends driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases that threaten to significantly worsen drought and water problems in the West and Southwest:

  1. Less precipitation in many areas (see NCAR analysis warns we risk multiple, devastating global droughts even on moderate emissions path)
  2. Less snowpack, as this USGS study found
  3. Hotter temperatures (see SW could see a 60-year drought like that of 12th century — only hotter — this century)

Assuming the anti-science disinformers continue to block any serious action,  these catastrophic changes will last a long, long time (see NOAA: Climate change “largely irreversible for 1000 years,” with permanent Dust Bowls in Southwest and around the globe).

For the record, it was the possibility of losing the Sierra snowpack in the second half of the century that led our Nobel prize-winning Energy Secretary to warn in 2009, “Wake up,” America, “we’re looking at a scenario where there’s no more agriculture in California.”

Here’s more on the new study:

Read more

Yglesias

Democracy: It Works Pretty Well

Raghuram Rajan is apparently not a fan of electoral democracy, believing it to unduly weight political officials decision-making toward special interests and the short-term. Like Noah Smith I’m struck by the point that this fantasy of autocratic politics as unhampered by special interests is ridiculous:

Rajan seems to believe the common fallacy that autocratic governments answer to no one, and thus have a free hand to make far-sighted investments, as long as the despot happens to be an enlightened one. In fact, autocratic governments also have to answer to someone – but instead of the people, it’s usually a mix of army officers, party cadres, local officials, and mafia goons. There is always a selectorate, and they always have to get paid off. And in an autocracy, those payments can get really expensive, since the selectorate has the autocrat over a barrel – if he loses his job, he doesn’t go off to fish at his ranch, he gets filled with lead and hung from a gas station roof.

Exactly. Part of the genius of electoral democracy is precisely that it lowers the stakes of holding on to power. A member of the House of Representatives who wants to take risks for the sake of doing what he regards as the right thing faces the dire prospect of . . . needing to find another job. Very possibly a job that will pay more money and involve less annoying travel. Laurent Gbagbo, on the other hand, is facing a very bleak fate.

To me the interesting thing about democracies is that they’re much worse at preventing/avoiding/ending recessions than you might think. When Herbert Hoover was president, where was the short-term thinking to keep him in office? Why didn’t the ruling GOP do more in 1960 to ensure that Dwight Eisenhower would be succeeded by Richard Nixon? Why didn’t the 111th Congress enact a much larger fiscal stimulus package and demand looser money from the Fed?

Conversely, while your mileage may vary as to the quality of the policies enacted, it’s hard to deny that over the past two years America has seen lots of focus by politicians on long-term issues. Love the Affordable Care Act or hate the Affordable Care Act, it was clearly an effort to implement long-term change in the American health care system and not a quicky re-election gambit. Similarly, Scott Walker in Wisconsin and other conservatives governors elsewhere are attempting to reduce the structural power of labor unions. In both cases, these are long-cherished goals of party leaders that are being foisted onto the agenda when a more narrow electoral focus would militate in favor of letting sleeping dogs lie.

Yglesias

Psephology And the Academy Awards

I have little of substance to say about the Academy Award nominations, but the new voting system does raise a number of psephological issues.

People generally don’t think in detail about this, but the way the awards work is that members of a given branch pick the nominees for any given category, and then the general membership votes on the winner. Consequently, the electorate for the “Best Director” vote and for the “Best Picture” vote is identical. And since in practice nobody ever says “I liked A better than B, but B was ‘better directed’” the Best Director winner almost always wins Best Picture. The reason this doesn’t always happen is that the electorate for the nominations is different, so there’s usually some non-overlap in terms of the nominees. The winners are picked via “first past the post” plurality voting, so the preferences of strong partisans of marginal candidates can impact the outcome. In practice, though, the same movie almost always wins both awards. The new system of 10 best picture nominees changes this by ensuring that at least five non-nominees for Best Director will be nominated for Best Picture.

Yglesias

Models for Congressional Reform

Tyler Cowen complains that it’s hard to assess proposals for congressional reform since “There is no simple model at hand.”

I think there’s a tragic neglect of comparative politics in the United States, and my favorite relevant model is the one presented in George Tsebelis’ Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work. The key issues here are trying to understand who has agenda-setting powers, how many veto players are there, and who the veto players are. And the distressing development in American politics over the past 20 years has been the tendency of routinized filibustering plus growing party discipline to make the Senate Minority Leader into a veto player, especially on things that aren’t top-tier issues that dominate the public discussion.

That’s not really a workable system, though I note that there’s some reason to believe that presidential democracy is unworkable in general if you have ideologically coherent political parties. At a minimum, when the US conquers a country (Italy, Germany, Japan, Iraq) and sets up a new government, we almost never opt to replicate our own system. The exception is Afghanistan where Presidentialism was done at the behest of Hamid Karzai’s Pashtun allies who thought this would help him monopolize power. I think time has proven that insightful, but mostly in a bad way.

Older

Switch to Mobile
ThinkProgress Signup Overlay Skip and Continue to ThinkProgress Skip and Continue to ThinkProgress

Sign Up